Let’s say you put in five years at your current job. For most of those years, you’ve had the company take a set percentage of your pre-tax salary for your 401(k) plan. Now that you’re leaving, what should you do?

The first rule of thumb is, it’s wisest not to touch the money.

The worst thing employees can do when they leave their employer is to withdraw money from their 401(k) plans and then keep it.

If you decide to have your distribution paid to you, the plan administrator will withhold 20% of your total for federal income taxes. So if you had $100,000 in your account and you wanted to cash it out, you’re already down to $80,000.

And if you’re not yet 59 1/2, you’ll get a 10% penalty slapped on for early withdrawal. So now you’re down another 10% from the top line, to $70,000.

Then at the end of the year, you’ll have to pay the difference between your tax bracket and the 20% already taken out. That’s because distributions are taxed as ordinary income. For instance, if you’re in the 33% tax bracket, you’ll still owe 13%, or $13,000. Now your cash distribution is worth $57,000.

That’s not all. You might have to pay state and local taxes. After all that, you could end up with little over half of what you had saved up.

What’s more, if you decide after 60 days to roll over your remaining balance, the government won’t let you.

When you cash out, you take that hit (from penalties) and you short–change your retirement savings.

The best method is to have the money sent directly from you old 401(k) plan to the new one. With the direct transfer, you never receive a check. Direct transfers let you avoid the taxes and penalties mentioned above. Your savings will continue to grow tax-deferred until you retire.

One word of caution: You may not be able to participate in the new plan right away, so be sure to check on that. Many employers require you work a minimum of a few months before you can start your 401(k).

One solution: Stay with your former employer’s 401(k) plan until the new one is available, then rollover into the new one. Most plans let former employees leave their assets several months in the old plan.

But don’t panic. You have 60 days to roll over the lump sum (including the 20%) to your new employer’s plan or into a rollover individual retirement account. Then you won’t owe the additional taxes or the 10% early withdrawal penalty.

If you’re not happy with the fund choices your new employer offers, you might opt for a rollover IRA instead of your company’s plan. You can then choose from hundreds of funds.

You have more control over the money, therefore, in an IRA. But again, to avoid the withholding hassle, use direct rollovers.

Check with your former employer to get the details. If your plan won’t let you stay and your new job doesn’t have a 401(k), your best bet is to do a direct rollover into an IRA.

Perhaps you’ve decided to work for yourself or prefer to manage your money yourself. If so, you could roll over your distribution into an IRA. You’ll also avoid having to pay the stiff cash withdrawal fees.

Corporate America and the financial services industry have done everything possible to make this a painless and easy process.

Once you turn 59 1/2, you can begin withdrawals from your 401(k) plan or IRA without penalty. Your withdrawals will be taxed as ordinary income.

You don’t have to start taking withdrawals from your 401(k) unless you retire after age 70 1/2. With an IRA you must begin a schedule of taxable withdrawals based on your life expectancy when you reach 70 1/2, whether you’re working or not.

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